Microstructures
by George Langford, Sc.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1966
Copyright©
2005 by George Langford
Cast Irons, High Alloy Steels, and Superalloys - Lesson 2 - Fourth specimen
Type 316 SS at 200X etched electrolytically
This Type 316 stainless steel (18% chromium, 12% nickel, 3% molybdenum, 2% manganese, and less than 0.08% carbon) has greater strength and is more stable mechanically than Type 304 (18% chromium, 8% nickel) stainless steel.  This specimen has been properly heat treated and then deeply etched electrolytically in the oxalic acid solution.  It is shown at 200X at left.

What are the origins of the greenish - yellow bands and the black areas ?


Think about the solidification of an alloy like this with large amounts of other elements to move around ...
Then look at the answer.



























Explanation:  Coring ... microsegregation during solidification of the original ingot ... which caused differential resistance to etching ... followed by hot working, which elongated the cored regions in the direction of rolling.  The black areas are etch pits near the oxide stringers, where oxidation depleted the chromium by another mechanism.
Specimen 5 is the same alloy, but maltreated.